Cocaine (topical)

Epinephrine, Phenylephrine: There have been reports of myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, and ventricular arrhythmias with concomitant use during nasal surgery. Avoid use of additional vasoconstrictor agents with NUMBRINO. If concomitant use is unavoidable, prolonged vital sign and ECG monitoring may be required. ( 5.3 , 7.2 ) Disulfiram: Disulfiram treatment increases plasma cocaine exposure. Avoid using NUMBRINO in patients taking disulfiram. ( 7.3 ) CNS stimulants: Concomitant administration may result in nervousness, irritability, or possibly convulsions. ( 7.1 ) Cholinesterase inhibitors: Concomitant administration may increase the risk of cocaine toxicity.

( 7.4 ) Sympathomimetics, postganglionic blocking agents, and tricyclic antidepressants: Concomitant administration may increase the risk of cardiovascular adverse reactions. ( 7.5 , 7.6 ) Monoamine-oxidase inhibitors: Concomitant administration may potentiate the effects and toxicity of monoamine-oxidase inhibitors. ( 7.7 )

7.1 Central Nervous System Stimulants Concurrent use of other central nervous system stimulants with cocaine may result in excessive stimulation, leading to nervousness, irritability, or possibly convulsions, or cardiac arrhythmias.

7.2 Epinephrine, Phenylephrine There are reports in the published literature of myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, and ventricular arrhythmias after concomitant administration of topical intranasal cocaine with epinephrine and phenylephrine during nasal and sinus surgery. Avoid use of additional vasoconstrictor agents such as epinephrine and phenylephrine with NUMBRINO during nasal and sinus surgery. If concomitant use is unavoidable, prolonged vital sign and ECG monitoring may be required.

7.3 Disulfiram Published literature reported that disulfiram treatment increased plasma cocaine exposure (AUC and C max ), by several folds after acute intranasal cocaine administration. Another literature reported that co-administration of disulfiram increased AUC of plasma cocaine by several folds after intravenous cocaine administration [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Avoid using NUMBRINO in patients taking disulfiram. Consider using other local anesthesia.

7.4 Cholinesterase Inhibitors Cocaine has been described in literature to be primarily metabolized and inactivated by non-enzymatic ester hydrolysis and hepatic carboxylesterase, and also by plasma cholinesterase, hepatic carboxylesterase, and CYP3A4. The pharmacokinetics of NUMBRINO in patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase activity has not been studied. Plasma cholinesterase activity may be decreased by chronic administration of certain monoamine oxidase inhibitors, oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids, antimyasthenics (neostigmine), cyclophosphamide, and possibly thiotepa.

It may also be diminished by administration of irreversible plasma cholinesterase inhibitors such as echothiophate, organophosphate insecticides, and certain antineoplastic agents. Patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) activity may have reduced clearance and increased exposure of plasma cocaine after administration of NUMBRINO. Because cocaine is metabolized by multiple enzymes, the effect of reduced plasma cholinesterase activity on cocaine exposure may be limited. No dosage adjustment of NUMBRINO is needed in patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase.

Monitor patients with reduced plasma cholinesterase activity for adverse reactions such as clinically-relevant increases in heart rate or blood pressure.

7.5 Postganglionic Blocking Agents Agents such as reserpine potentiate cocaine-induced sympathetic stimulation; concurrent use may increase the risk of hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias that may be life-threatening.

7.6 Tricyclic Antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants may increase the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which may also be increased by administration of cocaine hydrochloride.

7.7 Monoamine-Oxidase Inhibitors Cocaine hydrochloride may potentiate the effects and toxicity of MAO inhibitors.

8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary There are no available data on the use of NUMBRINO in pregnant women to identify a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Adverse maternal and fetal/neonatal outcomes have been seen in women with chronic cocaine abuse during pregnancy ( see Data ) .

In published animal reproduction studies, cocaine administered to pregnant females during the gestational period produced hydronephrosis (0.5 times the human reference dose (HRD) of 37.5 mg via the 4% solution), developmental delays in the offspring (1.5 times the HRD), cerebral hemorrhage and fetal edema (2.0 times the HRD), reduced fetal body weights and brain weights (2.6 times the HRD), and reduced fetal survival (3.7 times the HRD). Single dose administration of cocaine intravenously during organogenesis in mice produced cryptochidism, anophthalmia, exencephaly, and delayed ossification at 7.8 times the HRD.

In rats, a single dose of cocaine administered by intraperitoneal injection produced edematous fetuses, hemorrhages and limb defects at 12.9 times the HRD ( see Data ) . The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population(s) are unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.

Data Human Data There are no available data on the use of intranasal cocaine hydrochloride solution in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk for major congenital malformations or miscarriage. There are published data describing adverse developmental outcomes in women with chronic cocaine abuse during pregnancy. The published case-control and observational studies examining the effect of in utero cocaine exposure on fetal growth parameters, after controlling for confounding variables, found exposure was associated with reduced fetal growth compared with non-drug-abuse populations.

Published data from a large number of studies of women with chronic cocaine abuse during pregnancy are inconsistent in their findings with regard to congenital malformations, prematurity, miscarriage, premature rupture of membranes and gestational hypertension. The applicability of the findings from these studies of chronic abuse in pregnancy to a single topical exposure is limited. Animal Data Formal animal reproduction and development studies have not been conducted with intranasal cocaine…